Gasless single-port robosurgeon retroperitoneoscopic radical nephrectomy

Gasless single-port RoboSurgeon retroperitoneoscopic radical nephrectomy, which is an affordable procedure for patients with renal cell carcinoma, is carried out in a wide retroperitoneal working space made along the anatomical plane through a roughly coin-sized single port and is assisted by a system (RoboSurgeon) that involves the robotization of the surgeon. The RoboSurgeon system consists of three components: A three-dimensional head-mounted display (3D-HMD), handheld robot-like devices, and an endoscope manipulation robot. Depending on the situation, part or all of this system is used, but the 3D-HMD, which provides six fields of vision in front of the eyes regardless of head position, is always used by surgeons. Using the direct vision obtained by moving the angle of sight downward, the surgeons receive instruments from the scrub nurse as well as observe the operative field to ensure safety. This surgery achieves four key “nos”: No high costs, no CO₂, no multiple ports, and no intraperitoneal injury. The adjustable port size provides safety and ease of learning. The aforementioned direct vision and adjustable port size facilitate the transition from open surgery. Without the RoboSurgeon system, single-port-like surgery, in which the port size is somewhat larger, can be performed using the procedures described herein.