Peroneal tendon disorders (ICL 14)

Peroneal tendon pathologies account for a substantial amount of posterolateral ankle complaints and typically occur after recurrent ankle sprains due to chronic lateral ankle instability or overuse [12, 23, 51, 58]. With an important role in the lateral stabilization of the ankle, more strain is put on the peroneal tendons in cases of chronic instability. During inversion, the peroneus brevis tendon may become impinged between the peroneus longus tendon and the fibula, resulting in hypertrophic tendinopathy and eventually tearing of the tendon [12, 51]. Three primary categories of pathology can be distinguished: (1) tendinopathy (tendinitis, tenosynovitis, tendinopathy, and stenosis), (2) subluxation and dislocation, and (3) partial or complete tears [9, 12, 63]. Predisposing factors for peroneal tendinopathies include malalignment of the ankle or hindfoot, psoriatic arthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, hyperparathyroidism, diabetic neuropathy, calcaneal fractures, local steroid injections, and fluoroquinolone use [6, 7, 42, 64, 65, 71].