Endoscopic transpapillary approach to the gallbladder for diagnosing gallbladder cancer

Purpose: Gallbladder cancer (GBC) has a poor prognosis that is related to delayed diagnosis. The present study evaluated the efficacy of the transcystic ductal approach in diagnosing GBC. Methods: A catheter was introduced into the gallbladder endoscopically via the cystic duct to obtain bile for cytology. Subsequently, cytology specimens were collected using a brush, and intraductal ultrasonography (IDUS) was performed using a miniature probe in patients suspected of having GBC. Results: Bile cytology was performed successfully in 23 of 25 patients (92%). The sensitivity, specificity and accuracy of cytology were 44.4%, 100% and 78.3%, respectively. Brush cytology and IDUS were successful in six of eight (75%) and nine of 15 (60%) patients, respectively. Brush cytology was positive in two of five patients with GBC. In all four patients with invasive cancer, IDUS showed an irregularity or disruption of the outermost hyperechoic layer. Conclusions: The endoscopic transpapillary approach to the gallbladder was useful for the diagnosis of GBC. Brush cytology and IDUS may improve diagnostic efficacy and provide more useful information.